Articole Științifice

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 , TNF ), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics.
The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products.

This review evaluates the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides derived from mushroom species that have medicinal and edible properties. The fungal polysaccharides were recently studied, focusing on their modulation of the gut microbiota and their impact on various diseases. The study covers both clinical and preclinical studies, detailing the results and highlighting the significant influence of these polysaccharides on gut microbiota modulation. It discusses the potential health benefits derived from incorporating these polysaccharides into the diet for managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the interaction between fungal polysaccharides and the gut microbiota, underscoring their role in modulating the gut microbial community. It presents a systematic analysis of the findings, demonstrating the substantial impact of fungal polysaccharides on gut microbiota composition and function, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects in various chronic conditions. We conclude that the modulation of the gut microbiota by these polysaccharides may play a crucial role in mediating their therapeutic effects, offering a promising avenue for further research and potential applications in disease prevention and treatment.

Kombucha, a traditionally fermented tea, has gained increasing scientific and commercial interest due to its sensory quality and bioactive metabolites profile associated with different health-related activities. Recent research highlights the value of enriching traditional and honey kombucha with plant-based biomolecules to create new functional beverages with enhanced functional and nutraceutical properties, improved flavor, and chemical stability. Therefore, this study aimed to review and update the research on the enrichment of kombucha with these natural biomolecules that have been shown to expand the spectrum of health-promoting activities (e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-aging), while also enhancing the physicochemical stability of raw kombucha. Yet this innovation must be navigated with a thoughtful understanding of safety, biochemical stability, and sensory evaluation. Thus, this review strongly advocates that the integrative enrichment approach presents a promising strategy for developing next-generation functional beverages with synergistic nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Further controlled studies are needed to elucidate the mechanistic interactions between the kombucha’s microbiome and these added bioactive substrates, as well as to optimize formulations for targeted health applications.

The regular administration of antibiotics is a public concern due to the prejudices of large population groups and the high frequency with which antimicrobial products are prescribed. The current study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a new extract from Boletus edulis (BEE) on the human microbiota. One of the disadvantages of this extensive use is the disruption of the human microbiota, leading to potential negative health consequences. The in vitro evaluation of BEE consisted in determining its cytotoxicity, influence on the concentration of four types of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 , TNF ), and capacity to modulate the human microbiota after administering antibiotics.
The latter was assessed by microbiome analysis and the evaluation of short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFAs). Simultaneously, the content of total polyphenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the compositional analysis of the extract (individual polyphenols composition) were determined. The results showed that BEE modulates the microbial pattern and reduces inflammatory progression. The data demonstrated antioxidant properties correlated with the increase in synthesizing some biomarkers, such as SCFAs, which mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without using probiotic products.

The present work evaluates the influence of two prebiotic formulations—P1 (ColonX) and P4 (a product containing AnXietate extract), at concentrations of 3 and 6 mg/L—on scopolamine (SCOP, 100 µM)-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-related behaviors in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). To assess behavioral alterations, wild-type fish were subjected to the novel tank assay (NTT), Y-maze study, and novel object recognition test protocol (NOR). The formulations were examined for potential anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity. In parallel, in vitro assays were performed to evaluate cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects. The results indicate that both prebiotic formulations effectively mitigated SCOP-induced behavioral impairments and improved cognitive performance in zebrafish. Furthermore, the prebiotic formulation P4 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity without inducing cytotoxicity. The study was conducted following ethical guidelines, ensuring scientific rigor and integrity. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of prebiotics in alleviating anxiety and cognitive deficits, with promising implications for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Background: In aquaculture, several functional mushrooms have been efficiently used as prebiotics, impacting gut microbiota, increasing growth, and delivering antioxidant advantages to a variety of finfish species. However, the potential of Boletus edulis, the ‘porcini’ or ‘penny bun’ to influence the gut microbiota of Salmo salar has yet to be studied. Here, we investigated the prebiotic effect of Boletus edulis extract (BEE) on the gut microbiota of farmed Atlantic salmon via an in vitro gut model (SalmoSim).

Results: Notable changes in the production of short-chain fatty acids and microbial diversity were observed upon the addition of BEE. In particular, increased fiber fermentation was suggested by the decreasing concentrations of ammonia and increasing levels of acetate and propionate. Moreover, the 10% BEE improved the absorption of amino acids and increased the digestibility of crude protein, promoting a more diverse microbial community and reducing the accumulation of nitrogenous waste.

Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that the addition of BEE efficiently altered the gut microbiota, increasing microbial diversity, supporting beneficial short-chain fatty acid synthesis, and improving nutritional absorption in Atlantic salmon.

The increasing incidence of diabetes has prompted the need for new treatment strategies, including natural products that reduce glycemia values. This work examined the in vitro and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of new metabiotics derived from Boletus edulis extracts. The metabiotics were obtained from 100% B. edulis, and two other products, CARDIO and GLYCEMIC, from Anoom Laboratories SRL, which contain other microbial species related to B. edulis. Our in vitro investigations (simulations of the microbiota of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)) demonstrated that B. edulis extracts modulate the microbiota, normalizing its pattern. The effects were further tested in vivo, employing a mouse model of T2D. The tested extracts decreased glycemia values compared to the control and modulated the microbiota. The metabiotics had positive effects on T2D in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their potential to alleviate diabetes-associated microbiota dysbiosis.

The human gut microbiota helps maintain metabolic balance, supports immune function, and defends against opportunistic pathogens that can disrupt the microbiota ecosystem. An imbalance or dysbiosis in microbial composition is linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndromes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Using microbiota modulation with prebiotics and postbiotics is a practical approach to address these imbalances. Prebiotic compounds are defined as substrates that promote metabolic activity and restore microbial patterns. Postbiotics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell lysates, and extracellular compounds. This research aims to investigate how the gut microbiota can be modulated in vitro using the prebiotic ColonX and a postbiotic derived from Kombucha fermentation within a controlled GIS1 in vitro system. These products demonstrate potential for modulation, as they support selective bacterial growth and enhance microbial diversity. Prebiotics help stabilize gut pH, while postbiotics play a crucial role in biofilm formation. Together, they provide an innovative approach to treating dysbiosis and enhancing overall gut health. The findings highlight the importance of utilizing prebiotics and postbiotics to modulate gut microbiota in chronic diseases characterized by dysbiosis. This paper is especially relevant for elderly populations, as gut dysbiosis is common, and microbiota modulation supports healthy aging.

This research presents advanced biotechnological techniques for extracting bioactive components from Boletus edulis, a well-known edible mushroom, sometimes referred to as porcini or king bolete, renowned for its gastronomic
desirability and nutritional benefits. The study outlines the advancement of novel extraction methods for producing bioactive compounds that can improve health. These molecules are crucial in creating effective treatments to target different health issues. This research discusses advancements in functional product development that enhance the efficiency of obtaining these compounds from Boletus edulis. This contributes to the expanding domain of biofunctional
ingredient research.